Climate sciences and responses

Enhanced quantification and understanding of natural and anthropogenic methane emissions and sinks

Inland ice, including snow cover, glaciers, ice sheets and permafrost, and their interaction with climate change

Paleoclimate science for a better understanding of the short- to long-term evolution of the Earth system

Improved toolbox for evaluating the climate and environmental impacts of trade policies

Next generation low-emission, climate-resilient pathways and NDCs for a future aligned with the Paris Agreement

The role of climate change foresight for primary and secondary raw materials supply

Quantification of the role of key terrestrial ecosystems in the carbon cycle and related climate effects